Short Summary of Blockchain Classification

Single Chain

One single block chain with all the transactions abiding by the same rules, such as Bitcoin

Multi-Chain

System involves in more than one chain with or without a central "master chain"

By Composition

• Homogeneous:
  All chains abide by the same rules but with different data, such as Ardor
• Heterogeneous:
  Each chain could have different rules and different data, such as Cosmos
• Hybrid:
  Some chains are homogeneous and some chains are heterogeneous, such as Telegram TON

By Interoperability

• Centralized or multisig notary schemes:
  Transactions take place on one chain with the validations carried out on another
  main chain or central chain, such as R3 Corda
• Sidechains or Relays:
  Systems inside of one blockchain that can validate and read events and/or state in other blockchains, such as Rootstock
• Hash-locking:
  Setting up operations on chain A and chain B that have the same trigger, usually the revelation of the preimage of a particular hash, such as Interledger and Lighting Network
• Master Chain using PoS consensus with common API:
  This is more general and broader apply of the sidechain technology.  Normally sidechain is pegged to a "main" chain such as Bitcoin, whereas systems implementing this is a decentralized network of independent parallel blockchains, such as Cosmos, Polkadot and Telegram TON

Blockchains can be classified by accessibility and control as:

• Public chains
• Consortium/Permissioned chains
• Private chains

单链系统

所有交易都遵守相同规则的单个区块链，例如比特币

多链系统

系统涉及多个区块链，有或没有中央主链

按构成划分

• 同质组合：
  所有的区块链都遵守相同的规则，但处理不同的数据，例如Ardor
• 异质组合：
  每个区块链可以有不同的规则和不同的数据，例如Cosmos
• 混合组合：
  一些区块链是同质的，一些区块链是异质的，例如Telegram TON

按互通性划分

• 单一或多重签名公证：
  交易在一条链上发生，签名验证在另一条主链或中心链上进行，例如R3 Corda
• ä¾§é“¾æˆ–ä¸­ç»§ä¼ é€’ï¼š
  一个区块链可以验证和读取其他区块链中的事件和/或状态，例如Rootstock
• 哈希锁：
  在链A和链Bä¸Šè®¾ç½®å…·æœ‰ç›¸åŒè§¦å‘çš„æ“ä½œï¼Œé€šå¸¸æ˜¯æ˜¾ç¤ºç‰¹å®šå“ˆå¸Œçš„é¢„æ˜ åƒï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚Interledger和Lighting Network
• 采用PoS共识的主链结合通用API：
  这是侧链技术更通用和广泛的应用。通常情况下，侧链与比特币等主链相挂钩，而此类系统则是一个多条并行区块链互联的分散网络，例如Cosmos，Polkadot和Telegram TON

按照接入和控制权限可分为：

• 公有链
• 联盟/许可链
• 私有链

Reference (参考资料):

https://www.r3.com/blog/2017/11/03/chain-interoperability-2/
https://www.ardor.world
https://www.rsk.co
https://interledger.org
https://lightning.network
https://cosmos.network
https://polkadot.network
https://www.jianshu.com/p/0add0dbb88b2
Telegram TON whitepaper